The Ultimate Guide to Safe Drinking Water: From Daily Use to Emergency Preparedness - Lesson 2 - Water Purification
Clean water options
Nothing Fancy Needed: Boiling Water Works
While various filtration and purification methods are effective, boiling water remains one of the simplest and most reliable ways to make water safe to drink. Boiling kills disease-causing germs, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. This makes boiling a dependable solution--as long as you have a heat source. To improve the flat taste of boiled water, you can pour it from one container to another; let it sit for a few hours; or add a pinch of salt per quart or liter of boiled water.
Steps for Boiling Water:
1. If the water is cloudy, first filter it through a clean cloth, paper towel, or coffee filter, or let it settle and carefully pour off the clear water.
2. Bring the clear water to a rolling boil for at least 1 minute (boil for 3 minutes at elevations above 6,500 feet).
3. Allow the boiled water to cool before drinking.
4. Store it in clean, sanitized containers with tight-fitting covers.
Gravity Fed Water Filters
Gravity-fed water filters are an excellent choice for ensuring clean drinking water, whether or not you have access to power. These filters use the natural force of gravity to remove contaminants, making them a reliable option for home use, travel, and emergency preparedness. Available in various sizes, they can accommodate households of different sizes and needs. Let’s explore some options.
Pitcher-Sized
When it comes to pitcher-sized water filters that remove the most contaminants, here are several top options that are highly effective and widely recommended:
Clearly Filtered Water Pitcher: This pitcher is renowned for its ability to remove over 365 contaminants, including heavy metals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. It uses a proprietary “Affinity Filtration Technology" and has been third-party tested to meet NSF standards.
Epic Nano Water Filter Pitcher: The Epic Nano is particularly robust, using nanofiber technology and powdered activated carbon to remove 99.9% of contaminants, including bacteria, heavy metals, and fluoride. It is also eco-friendly, made from BPA-free plastic, and comes with a lifetime warranty.
Brita Longlast Everyday Water Filter Pitcher: This pitcher features NSF/ANSI 42 and 53 certifications and can remove 99% of lead, chlorine, cadmium, mercury, benzene, and asbestos. The Longlast filter has a lifespan of up to 6 months, making it a durable and cost-effective option.
To help you make the right decision for your needs, here is a quick reference guide:
While pitcher-style filters are convenient for small households and quick filtration, they have limited capacity and require frequent refills. For those looking for a more robust solution, larger gravity-fed water filters offer a significant upgrade. These systems, like the Berkey Water Filter,
are larger, designed to sit on a countertop or stand, and can filter much greater volumes of water at a time. With their high-capacity filtration and ability to remove a wide range of contaminants, they provide a reliable and long-term option for families' overall health and emergency preparedness.
Counter Top Gravity Fed Water Filters
Big Berkey Gravity Water Filter: The Big Berkey is a popular choice due to its exceptional filtration capabilities. It removes over 99.999% of viruses, pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, chlorine, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and more. The system uses a combination of carbon and ion exchange filters, and it has a capacity of 2.25 gallons, making it suitable for families of up to four people. The filters last up to 3,000 gallons, providing long-term use with low maintenance costs.
ProOne Big+ Gravity Water Filtration System: This system is highly effective at removing over 200 contaminants, including heavy metals, pesticides, chlorine, and fluoride. It is NSF/ANSI certified for standards 42, 53, and 401, ensuring high-quality filtration. The ProOne Big+ has a water storage capacity of 3 gallons and a robust design suitable for various water sources.
Waterdrop King Tank: The Waterdrop King Tank stands out for its high contaminant reduction efficiency and fast filtration rate of 4 gallons per hour. It reduces more than 200 contaminants, including lead, chlorine, fluoride, and heavy metals. The system is made from stainless steel, which adds to its durability and aesthetic appeal. It has a filter capacity of 6,000 gallons, making it a long-lasting option with minimal ongoing maintenance costs.
To help you make the right decision for your needs, here is a quick reference guide:
Water Distillers and Reverse Osmosis Filtration Systems
Water distillers and reverse osmosis (RO) systems are highly effective methods for purifying water, each with its own strengths and limitations. Water distillers use heat to remove contaminants, requiring power to operate. Reverse osmosis systems rely on household water pressure to push water through a specialized membrane that filters out impurities. While both are excellent options for obtaining clean drinking water, it's important to note that in an emergency situation where power is lost, having a gravity-fed water filtration system as a backup is essential.
How a Water Distiller Works
A water distiller purifies water by mimicking the natural hydrologic cycle. It heats water to a boiling point, turning it into steam while leaving behind contaminants such as heavy metals, bacteria, and dissolved solids. The steam is then cooled and condensed back into liquid form, producing pure water. This process effectively removes nearly all impurities, including bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, and most chemicals. However, distillation also strips beneficial minerals, resulting in demineralized water that some people may choose to remineralize before drinking.
Water Distiller
H2o Labs Best-in-Class Countertop Water Distiller is a highly efficient water purification system designed to produce approximately 1 gallon (4 liters) of distilled water per cycle. It features a stainless steel body for durability and a glass carafe to safely collect the purified water. This distiller is equipped with exclusive activated carbon pods that last twice as long as standard filters and contain three times the filtering media. This ensures optimal removal of contaminants, particularly volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The system effectively eliminates a wide range of impurities, including fluoride, nitrates, heavy metals (such as lead and mercury), dissolved solids, industrial chemicals, microorganisms (bacteria and viruses), and VOCs. This makes it a reliable choice for those seeking consistently clean and safe drinking water.
VEVOR Water Distiller, 4L 1.05 Gallon Pure Water Purifier is a durable and efficient distillation system that produces up to 1.05 gallons (4 liters) of purified water per cycle. Constructed with a stainless steel body and a glass container for water collection, this distiller is designed for both longevity and safety. It is a versatile unit suitable for various applications, including daily drinking water, coffee brewing, baby formula preparation, skincare, cooking, humidifiers, CPAP machines, and aquariums. The distillation process effectively removes a broad range of contaminants, including fluoride, nitrates, heavy metals, dissolved solids, industrial chemicals, microorganisms, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ensuring clean and safe water for multiple household uses.
Global Water Distiller 4L Water Filter Stainless Steel Internal Pure Water Purifier is a reliable and efficient water purification system that produces 1 gallon (4 liters) of distilled water per cycle. Designed with a stainless steel interior for durability and a glass carafe for safe water collection, this distiller ensures high-quality purification. It effectively removes a wide range of
contaminants, including fluoride, nitrates, heavy metals, dissolved solids, industrial chemicals, microorganisms, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This makes it an excellent choice for those seeking consistently clean and pure water for drinking and household use.
How a Reverse Osmosis Filtration System Works
Reverse osmosis is a multi-stage water filtration process that uses pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane. This membrane captures contaminants such as heavy metals, fluoride, chlorine, PFAS, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) while allowing clean water molecules to pass through. Most RO systems also include pre-filters and post-filters to further improve water quality. RO systems are highly effective at removing a broad range of contaminants but typically produce wastewater as a byproduct. Since they rely on home water pressure, they will not function during a power outage unless connected to a storage tank with a manual pump.
Reverse Osmosis Systems
Counter Top Option
Alpspring Super3 Countertop Reverse Osmosis System is a compact and efficient water purification device that provides high-quality drinking water without requiring under-sink installation. Designed for convenience, it features a multi-stage filtration process, including sediment and carbon pre-filters, a reverse osmosis membrane, and a post-carbon filter. This system effectively removes heavy metals (lead, mercury, arsenic), chlorine, fluoride, VOCs, sediments, and microorganisms, ensuring clean and safe water. Unlike standard RO systems that strip water of beneficial minerals, the remineralization stage restores essential minerals for improved taste and health benefits. The countertop design makes it ideal for renters, travelers, or those with limited kitchen space, offering a high-efficiency, low-waste filtration option.
While the Alpspring Super3 is easy to use and install, users should consider regular filter replacements to maintain optimal performance. Additionally, as with all RO systems, adequate water pressure is required for effective filtration. Its compact size, sleek design, and powerful purification make it a great choice for households seeking a reliable, space-saving water filtration system.
Under the Counter System Options
APEC Water Systems Ultimate RO-PH90 is a 6-stage reverse osmosis (RO) filtration system designed to deliver ultra-pure, alkaline drinking water with a high flow rate of 90 gallons per day (GPD). It removes up to 99% of contaminants, including sediment, chlorine, fluoride, lead, arsenic, chromium, bacteria, and viruses. The system features multi-stage filtration, including carbon block filters, a high-rejection FILMTEC RO membrane, and a refining carbon filter, ensuring maximum contaminant removal. Additionally, the pH+ alkaline remineralization filter adds high-purity calcium carbonate to enhance water taste and health benefits.
Built with premium, long-lasting US-made filters, the RO-PH90 is WQA Gold Seal certified, meeting the highest standards for contaminant removal and system performance. It is designed for under-sink installation, featuring lead-free components, FDA-certified food-grade tubing, and a brushed nickel faucet for safe water delivery. With easy installation and maintenance, this system provides a reliable, high-capacity solution for households seeking great-tasting, ultra-clean, and alkaline-enhanced drinking water.
Waterdrop G3P600 Reverse Osmosis System is a tankless, under-sink filtration system featuring an 8-stage filtration process that removes TDS, chromium, PFAS, fluoride, arsenic, iron, radium, nitrates, chlorine, and heavy metals. With a 600 GPD capacity, it delivers fast water flow, filling an 8-ounce cup in 8 seconds, and boasts an efficient 2:1 pure-to-drain ratio, reducing water waste. The tankless design saves space and minimizes contamination risks, ensuring consistently fresh water. Additionally, its NSF/ANSI 42, 58, and 372 certifications guarantee high performance, safety, and lead-free materials.
Equipped with a smart LED faucet, the system provides real-time TDS monitoring and filter life tracking, making maintenance easier. Its compact, modern design integrates seamlessly into kitchens. It offers efficient filtration, water conservation, and convenience.
Using Bleach to Disinfect Water in an Emergency
If boiling isn’t an option, unscented household bleach can be used to disinfect water during an emergency. A few drops can effectively kill bacteria, viruses, and parasites, making the water safer to drink. However, it's important to note that bleach will not remove harmful chemicals, heavy metals, or radioactive contaminants. Always prioritize finding a clean water source and use chemical disinfection as a last resort.
When using bleach to purify water, be mindful of its concentration. In the United States, unscented household liquid chlorine bleach typically contains between 5% and 9% sodium hypochlorite, but concentrations may vary in other countries.
Steps for Disinfecting Water with Bleach:
1. If the water is cloudy, first filter it through a clean cloth, paper towel, or coffee filter, or let it settle before drawing off the clear water.
2. Check the bleach concentration (look at the "active ingredient" for the sodium hypochlorite percentage).
3. Use the correct amount of bleach based on the concentration and water volume (see tables below).
4. Stir the mixture well and let it stand for at least 30 minutes before drinking. 5. Store the disinfected water in clean, sanitized containers with tight covers.
Water Disinfection Instructions:
If the water is cloudy, murky, colored, or very cold, double the amount of bleach listed below.
For 5%–9% Sodium Hypochlorite (Standard Household Bleach):
Water Volume Dropper (drops) mL Measuring Spoon
1 quart / 1 liter 2 drops 0.1 mL Too small to measure
1 gallon 8 drops 0.5 mL Slightly less than ⅛ teaspoon
5 gallons 40 drops 2.5 mL ½ teaspoon
For 1% Sodium Hypochlorite (Weaker Bleach):
Water Volume Dropper (drops) mL Measuring Spoon
1 quart / 1 liter 10 drops 0.5 mL ⅛ teaspoon
1 gallon 40 drops 2.5 mL ½ teaspoon
5 gallons 200 drops 12.5 mL 2½ teaspoons
By following these steps, you can safely disinfect water in emergency situations. This ensures you have a reliable drinking supply when other purification methods are unavailable.
Water purification tablets
Water purification tablets are a convenient and effective method for disinfecting water. They make it safe to drink by eliminating harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. These lightweight and compact tablets are particularly useful in situations where access to clean water is limited, such as during camping, hiking, international travel, or emergency scenarios. (They are a great addition to emergency preparedness kits.) Typically, a single tablet is added to a specified volume of water and left to dissolve for a designated period, usually around 30 minutes, to ensure effective purification.
For those seeking a reliable option in larger quantities, Aquatabs 397mg Water Purification Tablets (100 Pack) are highly recommended. Each tablet is capable of treating up to 5 gallons of water, providing a substantial supply for extended use. Aquatabs are EPA-approved and have been trusted worldwide for over 30 years. Their ease of use and long shelf life make them a practical choice for both personal and group needs in various settings.
Pre-Bottled Water
One of the simplest and most accessible options for long-term water storage is store-bought bottled water. While bottled water can remain safe for extended periods, certain precautions must be taken to ensure its quality over time. Factors such as the type of plastic used, storage conditions, and expiration dates can all impact the safety and taste of stored bottled water. By following a few key guidelines, you can ensure that store-bought bottled water remains a reliable emergency water source.
First, always check the expiration date on bottled water. While water itself does not spoil, the plastic container can degrade over time, potentially affecting the taste and safety of the water. Choosing bottles with a distant expiration date ensures freshness during long-term storage. Additionally, select BPA-free bottles, as Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical that may leach into water from certain plastics. Storing water in a cool, dark place—such as a basement or closet, away from direct sunlight and temperature fluctuations—also helps maintain its quality. Before storing, inspect bottles for cracks, leaks, or other damage, as compromised containers can affect water safety.
When relying on bottled water for emergency storage, be realistic about how much your family will need and how much space it will take up. Remember the recommended amount is at least 1 gallon per person per day. This amount of water can quickly add up for larger families. Storing enough bottled water for a two-week supply requires significant space. Consider where you will keep it and whether alternative storage options like larger water containers or whether purification methods might be more practical. Finally, consider rotating your stock regularly by using and replacing bottled water periodically to maintain freshness and prevent degradation. By planning realistically and efficiently, store-bought bottled water can serve as an effective and hassle-free emergency water storage solution.
